Child Development Essay

The Montessori method of education is one of the very unusual approaches of educating young children that has been based on the experiences and research of educator and physician Maria Montessori (1870–1952). The method basically arose from what Dr. Montessori’s discovered and named it the â€Å"the child’s normal nature† back in 1907 (Montessori, 1972). This happened during one of her experimental observations with young children who had been given the freedom they need d in an environment that was fully prepared with all the materials and was specifically designed to support their self-directed learning experiences (Montessori, 1977). Factor generating an amazing child Law of Will A child’s development of will has been regarded as one of the laws of development as per Montessori’s observations. She herself has clearly indicated how she observed this development of a child’s will. When a child does any action just by himself, without having any form of assistance, this clearly signifies the fact the child is consciously making decisions. In this regard therefore, the will should be treated as a form of strength that mainly comes to the light of consciousness (Montessori, 1972). Will however is not a strength that is possessed by the child at birth; it is rather in potential. It is one of the slow processes of development that is brought into effect through continuous interactions within the surrounding environment. Since it is the nature that brings into consciousness this kind of force, the development of a child’s will helps him to greatly develop the power that he has been given by nature (Montessori, 1988). Law of Intelligence According to Montessori, this happens to be the key that opens the necessary mechanisms involved in true education. This law states that intelligence just helps a child to better understand life; it thus prepares a child for future education (Montessori, 1977). The Montessori thus argued that if the environment was well prepared, this would greatly help the child to interact effectively with his environment and to construct his mind. Intellectual development is important as it helps a child to know as well as explore the environment. Through the developing senses, a child is endowed with the necessary mechanism of interacting with the environment (Montessori, 1972). Montessori Philosophy of education Maria Montessori early on in the 20th century had the intuition that even before a child is of age 3, various functions in that child are constantly being created in a psychic process and only after 3 that they develop. Montessori thus strongly believed that it is the natural laws that govern the development of any child. She thus assumed that as a child hits three years old, all of the unconscious preparation needed for future activity and development has already been established. One of the child’s unconscious goals is the development of mental functions. It should however be noted that these kind of natural laws which basically govern the psychic growth of the child are revealed through his developmental process (Montessori, 1972). Maria Montessori was able to discover just by observing children the phenomenon of what she called sensitive periods of an absorbent mind as well as natural laws that governs the physic development of children. She thus named these kind of natural laws: 1 natural law of independence, 2) natural law of work,  3) natural law of will, 5) natural law of attention, 4) natural law of intelligence, 6) natural law of creativity and imagination, 7) the 4 planes of growth and 8 natural law of spiritual and emotional life) (Montessori, 1988). With this kind of realization, Montessori was determined to see that the education system gained a new goal: and this is to make sure that the child was assisted by the teachers and directors to turn out into a human being that he or she was created to be (Montessori, 1972). She argued that, the only way to be bale to help a child is if we know the Nature of the child, since then we are in a good position to help him to fully develop all of his inner powers so that he can grow from being a helpless creature into a responsible mature citizen. This approach by Montessori thus values the believe that a child’s main goal since birth is to just but develop all of his potentials according to a certain physic pattern that he does possess even before his birth (Montessori, 1977). In real practice, Montessori method has only been applied with some kind of varying degrees of strict adherence to the main philosophies, though it is generally agreed that they all somehow subscribe to some of her writings (Polk and Montessori, 1988). The result has been that there are some people who strictly adhere to either one of these philosophies, while there have been another group that have seen it wise to develop a unique concepts all based on interpretation of her philosophies and writings. There are thus several concepts that are now widely accepted by several practitioners and which are said to be consistent with the teachings of Montessori method. These concepts have been developed from different laws (Montessori, 1972). Montessori fundamentals and intuitions The application of this method requires that the teacher views the child as a being having a kind of inner natural inherent guidance for her or his own self-directed development which in reality is the only perfect method according to Montessori (Montessori, 1988). The major role of the director, teacher, directress, or guide is basically therefore to watch over the child’s environment and make sure that it has no obstacles that might interfere with the natural and perfect development of the child (Montessori, 1977). Part of the role of the teacher might also include experimental interactions with the children under his or her care, and this is what Montessori referrers to as â€Å"lessons,† with the aim of resolving wrong behavior or maybe to demonstrate to the children how they are supposed to make use of the self-teaching materials (Montessori, 1972). Due to the child’s unique sensitivity and instincts to various conditions in the environment, this method has only been recommended to be applied to young children (2-6). Though this be the case, the method has in some instances also been applied to elementary age (6–12) school going children and at other times with toddlers and infants. Though with less frequency, the method is also applicable to high and middle school level students (Montessori, 1977). Conclusion To be able to develop themselves fully, children need a special inner tutor which Montessori referred to as absorbent mind and sensitive period. The natural laws that govern the child normal psychic developments are revealed during his development. This philosophy by Montessori Method has however remained confused and obscure since many claim that her 1907 discovery was purely accidental. The result of the criticism and questioning of her method has resulted to Montessori philosophies and organizations expanding considerably with three main philosophies thus developing.

Is Macbeth a Shakespearean Tragic Hero? Essay

In many of Shakespeare’s plays a tragic hero appears and is often the focal point. In order to conclude whether Macbeth’s character falls in to that particular category. I need to consider what factors create a tragic hero. The tragic hero often originates as a figure of greatness and someone with a high social status. His greatness often degenerates due to a character flaw of some kind. The essence of many of Shakespeare’s tragic heroes is that the seemingly good parts of their character turn against them and instigate their downfall. The character always suffers, which creates sympathy within the reader, especially as it is in contrast with previous happiness. Often the actions of the tragic hero create self-inflicted suffering. Other people are generally affected by his tragedy, but on differing scales depending on the play. A deep internal battle often rages within the tragic hero as he battles with his conscience, but he doesn’t often listen to reason. A key factor of the tragic hero is that the audience radiate much pity and sympathy for the character. Even though he has done wrong, he was once great, and he may feel remorse for his actions. At the end of the play the tragic hero invariably dies. This is often for political reasons, or for morale impact. Goodness must always prevail. One of the first factors I stated that creates a tragic hero is someone of greatness. Macbeth has much respect from others because of his braveness on the battlefield. â€Å"For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- Disdaining fortune with his brandish’d steel.† Macbeth clearly has earnt praise from his peers and conducts approval from those of a higher social status. He is a loyal warrior, whose efforts are also acknowledged by even the King. â€Å"He was a gentleman on whom I built An absolute trust.† Duncan recognises Macbeth’s greatness and evidently has a high opinion of him. He respects Macbeth to the point where he invests much trust within him and almost views him as an equal. These feelings from a King hugely re-enforce Macbeth’s greatness. â€Å"No less to have done so, let me enfold thee And hold thee to my heart.† This implies a close relationship of affection. Such a close bond conveys that Macbeth must appear a patriotic, and just man especially in the eyes of the King. He is rewarded by adopting the title of Thane of Cawdor. He is growing in social status which is another common trait of a tragic hero. The reader is soon to learn that despite the fact Macbeth appears to be a great man, there are many flaws in his character, the most poignant being excessive ambition. â€Å"Stars hide your fires Let light not see my dark and deep desires.† Macbeth appears shocked at his own evil thoughts. The witches’ prophecies have instigated the ambitious part of his nature to be accentuated. â€Å"†¦let us speak Our free hearts to each other.† Banquo does not share Macbeth’s ambition, so Macbeth lies to his friend. The reader starts to see the extent of Macbeth’s ambitious nature. â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem I dare do all that may become a man.† A huge character flaw of Macbeth is that he is easily influenced. Lady Macbeth holds so much power over him, and can manipulate him. She overpowers and influences Macbeth greatly and creates a reaction in him that favours her. This easily influenced part of his nature is also shown when the witches’ prophecies instigate evil thoughts within him. Another common flaw in a Shakespearean tragic hero is jealousy. Macbeth displays this very frequently. â€Å"(Aside) The Prince of Cumberland: that is a step On which I must fall down, or else o’erleap For in my way it lies.† Macbeth is jealous of Malcom, as he is the son of Duncan, this instigates more evil, murderous thoughts within Macbeth. This excessive ambition, jealousy, and easily influenced nature turn Macbeth into a murderer. Despite this, Macbeth knows that Duncan’s murder is not just. Macbeth continually battles with his conscience during the play, and much of this guilt is radiated in his soliloquy, when he can show his true feelings. † †¦As his host Who should against his murderer shut the door Not bear the knife myself.† Macbeth knows his role, as host should be to protect his guest: â€Å"here in double trust.† Macbeth acknowledges the fact that Duncan sees him in a great light and has great respect for him. Macbeth refers to the murder as â€Å"the bloody business.† A euphemism is utilised as Macbeth cannot accept what he is about to do and cannot face up to this evil side of his character. â€Å"This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good.† Indecisiveness is heavily portrayed here as Macbeth is in a deep internal battle. He knows that treason is wrong, but he also longs to be King, he tries to convince himself his actions can be justified, but his conscience tell him otherwise. Macbeth wants to protect his own title and image, and doesn’t want to face up to the consequences of murder, but still agonises over the decision. Macbeth is evidently suffering greatly because of his conscience. He feels extremely guilty, but tries to hide this fact. We see much evidence of the effect his conscience has on Macbeth after the murder of Duncan. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me? The handle towards my hand?† This quotation conveys to the reader the extent of Macbeth’s suffering. He is affected mentally as he hallucinates and is haunted by disturbing images. â€Å"I had most need of blessing and ‘Amen’ Stuck in my throat.† Macbeth is denied the ability to turn to God. In killing the King he has commited treason against God, so his faith is refused from him. Insomnia is inflicted upon him, and Macbeth can find no solace. â€Å"We have scorched the snake, not kill’d it† This quotation conveys that Macbeth has no peace and stability; he knows he will need to keep on killing. He states his mind of â€Å"full of scorpions† clearly showing he is extremely traumatized. Macbeth progresses to be almost envious of Duncan and Banquo. â€Å"Better be with the dead†¦ Than the torture of the mind to lie In restless ecstasy.† The murders have affected him in such a way that Macbeth yearns for the appealing peacefulness of death. These hint at primary suicidal thoughts, a hugely troubled mind is conveyed. We see more evidence of Macbeth’s guilt causing him great suffering when Banquo’s ghost haunts him. He can no longer keep control of himself, and his mental instability is conveyed to his peers. â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me.† Macbeth visualises this apparition. His mental state is to the extent that he not only acknowledges the ghost, but also interacts with it, even though he is in the presence of his peers. Macbeth is highly affected by this hallucination. Not only does it affect opinion of him, but leaves him troubled and confused. Self-inflicted suffering is a poignant factor within a Shakespearean tragic hero, and another factor that applies to Macbeth. His conscience creates the ghost to be another reminder of the evil he has done. He cannot escape his guilt that his owns flaws and his own faults have manifested. Clearly the murders are having disastrous effects on Macbeth, but his actions also affect others. Macbeth’s need to kill results in him planning the murder of Fleance and Banquo. He is jealous of Banquo because he knows his children will never be King. â€Å"Upon my head they plac’d a fruitless crown And put a barren sceptre in my gripe.† Macbeth has a great determination to remain King and to protect his status. He almost becomes obsessed by it, and taking people’s lives becomes meaningless and just inevitable steps for him/ † Give to th’edge o’th’sword His wife, his babes and all unfortunate souls That trace him in the line.† He is portrayed as being more than willing to kill innocent women and children if they threaten his reign as King. Macbeth is a ruthless tyrant in protecting his throne. Macbeth’s actions do not just affect other people, but the earth itself. Macbeth has murdered the King, who was appointed directly by God. This Divine Right of the King means God will punish all earth fro allowing this act of treason occurs. Displeasing God is another common factor within a Shakespearean tragic hero. † Some say, the earth Was feverous and did shake.† This quotation infers how nature is heavily disrupted. Lady Macbeth is deeply troubled as a result of her husband’s actions. She is traumatised by her conscience, and her guilt overwhelms her. â€Å"Doctor Remove from her the means of all annoyance And still keep eyes upon her.† The Doctor appears adamant that Lady Macbeth will commit suicide, so advises Macbeth to watch over her. She hallucinates and mirrors other forms of suffering that Macbeth radiated. Eventually Lady Macbeth does kill herself, as she has been so heavily affected by her husband’s deeds. As a result of Macbeth’s obsession with remaining King, he proves to be an inefficient one. He is too preoccupied with his guilt and determination the whole of Scotland suffers from his lack of devotion. † Alas poor country Almost too afraid to know itself†¦ Where sighs, and groans, and shrieks that rend the air† This is yet another trait of a tragic hero. He, whether inadvertently or not, greatly inflicts suffering on others. Despite all of this, the reader still feels a sense of pity towards Macbeth. He was once great, and one of the great factors in him turned around to be his downfall. In many ways, Macbeth was influenced into his actions. To begin with the witches planted the idea into his mind, and pushed him into justifying his actions. Lady Macbeth instigated the murder, and manipulated him to carry through with this deed. The inferiority of her gender meant she needed him to act through. â€Å"But screw your courage to the sticking place And we’ll not fail.† Macbeth is very easily influenced, so can be manipulated continually by Lady Macbeth. We also feel a sense of pity, because Macbeth is so heavily affected by his actions. He is traumatised and destroyed. He often shows remorse and regret fro his actions. â€Å"Wake Duncan with thy knocking: I would thou Couldst.† Macbeth is tricked by the witches’ prophecies. He takes the apparitions literally and is lulled into a false sense of security. † For none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth.† We feel pity as Macbeth’s trust and faith in the witches’ predictions cause his death. He is tricked into feeling protected, but the witches’ words have other meanings. Readers often feel pity for the Shakespearean tragic hero, but despite this fact we accept he needs to die. Political and moral reasons dictate this fact. If he had lived, then murder and evil could be justified. Treason against the King or Queen or ultimately God could go unpunished. Resulting from the readers’ accumulating sympathy for Macbeth, there is some apparent sadness surrounding his death. He is extremely brave which creates much admiration fro him. â€Å"Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinane And thou oppos’d being of no woman born, Yet I will try the last. Before my body, I throw my warlike shield.† Macbeth knows his death in an inevitable fact, but despite this he fights to the bitter end. We see some of Macbeth’s past greatness in his last moments. Macbeth can be portrayed as a victim, this fact and the fact that he does adds to the effectiveness of the play. It instigates a variation of emotions within the reader, which makes it an intense experience. Without Macbeth’s death, much of this would be lost. This ending complies with a tragic heroes exit to a play. I conclude that Macbeth can indeed be classified as a Shakespearean tragic hero. He radiates all of the factors I first portrayed a tragic hero to have. Macbeth falls from greatness due to a character flaw, his suffering is self-inflicted and this affects others. A continual battle with his conscience is conveyed within Macbeth, and the reader is made to pity him. We are left with a classic version of a Shakespearean tragic hero, and a very compelling character. Macbeth exuberates all of the common characteristics of one of Shakespeare’s favourite classifications, but is still an original figure, which greatly adds to the effectiveness of the play.

Health Care Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health Care Roles - Essay Example It can also help sick individuals to find support from being a part of groups comprised of other patients who are also in similar situations and thereby influence or reinforce their attitudes to the illness and aid them in developing coping mechanisms.(NCI, 1989) Communication may be verbal, which is the spoken communication, or non-verbal which contributes meaning to the verbal expressions or may occur independently of verbal communication – such as the body motions and gestures, facial expressions, smiles, nods, which also function as a medium of communication. While communication itself is the process of transmission of messages and the interpreting of their meaning, during therapeutic communication, a care giver seeks to communicate with empathy and elicit such responses from the patient which will be beneficial to his or her well being. Therapeutic communication is geared towards promoting the well being of the patient through communication and interpretation of both verbal and non verbal cues. It is especially useful in the field of nursing and in the care of patients who may face chronic health conditions, because it is an aid in facilitating positive clinical outcomes. The given scenario concerns the patient Vivian, who has been suffering form abdominal pains for some time but has not been able to avail of health services due to a lack of health insurance. However, as soon as she gets a job and secures health insurance, she schedules an appointment with the doctor. The dà ©cor of the waiting room is stark stark, with only two notices up on the wall – one stating â€Å"Turn off cell phones† and the other â€Å"have co-pay ready.† She signs in at the front desk but before she can even begin to state her problems and mention the pain she is in, the assistant tells her to take a seat and calls another patient who

Using the two articles and any relevant primary sources, compare the Assignment

Using the two articles and any relevant primary sources, compare the role of youth culture in these two decades. In these two decades, to what degree did youth - Assignment Example This difference was fresh latitude in experience. In addition, the youth experienced an increase in individual liberty, new-fangled communicative nurture, and more room for experimentation. Therefore, this implies that the youth culture played a critical role in altering American history. Only a few youth were interested in imitating the lives of their professors, or in caring immensely for books. In addition, Cmiel also argues that the youth were immensely tolerant in attitude since their schools played a critical part. It is of the essence to say that instructions exposed the youth to the relativism of philosophers and writers who had long prepared the ground for youth’s beliefs and values (Cmiel, 462). Moreover, this fresh latitude in familiarity detached the youth from their parents as well as the American past. The majority of the youth was sent to school rather than vocation. This necessitated adjustments at a time when aged attitudes towards sex, religion, and manners paved way for newer practices such as dating, movies, communal work patterns, and Sunday golf. This implies that this culture adopted by the youth also played a decisive role in altering American history. The youth turned enthusiastically to what was innovative in the culture, and did it with utmost delight and excitement. When the youth in the early twenties altered adult standards of respectabili ty in sexual behavior, and even expanded the possibilities of women’s behavior, they were efficiently directing individuals away from adult norms, generating and approving fresh social patterns (Cmiel 463). Therefore, it is worth mentioning that youth culture played a significant role in altering American history. As the youth opposed prohibition and drank liquor, they were merely denying the exigency of adult norms, rebuffing the perception of a static standard of morality, and questioning the legitimacy of adult laws (Cmiel 464). In adjusting to adult standards, they became

Foundations of finance Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foundations of finance - Math Problem Example The above table shows the steps used to generate the best alternative. Six 200 sq. meter area alternatives were chosen. Next the required â€Å"borders† (2 meters, 1.5 meters, 1 meter) were respectively deducted from each side of the alternatives. Next, the perimeter of the lawn perimeter was generated. The alternative with the biggest perimeter is the correct answer. As expected, alternative B generated the biggest lawn perimeter fence. Alternative B shows the correct length, â€Å"L†, should be 100 meters. Likewise, alternative B shows the correct width,† W†, should be 2 meters. The above tables 2 and 3 show the computations for the cable lengths needed for both the 6 meter tower and the 15 meter tower. To reduce total cost, the above table 3 shows that as the junction box should be placed in the middle of the two towers (ten meters width for each of the two towers), total cost =  £ 15.60 million. When the junction box is moved 1 meter to the left (Alternative C), the total cost increases to  £19.36 million. When the junction box is moved 1 meter to the right (Alternative B), the total cost increases to  £19.38 million. Alternative E and F shows as width of either tower is pegged at 1 meter, the total cost reaches more than  £ 21.00 million. Based on the above table on the total cost of the different alternatives, alternative A generated the minimum (lowest) total cost,  £16.50 million. To reiterate, the junction box should be strategically placed in the middle of the two towers in order to generate the minimum (lowest) total cost. The steps taken arrive at the above answer is shown in the excel file. The math formula, C2 = A2 + B2, was used to arrive at the required cable length of each tower (Wheater, 2012). The â€Å"C† variable represents the cable length of each cable. The â€Å"A† variable represents each tower’s height. The â€Å"B† variable represents each tower’s width. After getting the cable length, the cost of

How the US Constitution Relates to Being an Army Officer Essay

How the US Constitution Relates to Being an Army Officer - Essay Example Article 1 section 8 stipulates clearly this role (Legal Information Institute 1). This therefore implies that United State Army serves under dual chain of command. These chains of command encompass the executive and legislative branches of government. Thus, from the founding of United State subordination of army officers to civil authority has been a crucial principle to the nation’s constitutional system. Military profession has recognized and embraced a tradition of service to the nation before self-interests. Constitution acknowledges military role of protecting freedom and important national interests. It also balances the duty of military with constitutional democracy where people get chances to maintain ultimate authority over the military through their elected leaders. There are several sections of United States’ Constitution affecting a military officer. The constitution is the foundation of army in United States. In Article 1 Section 8 clause 11 through 16 give s the Congress the powers regarding the Army. For instance, clause 12 dictates that the Congress has the mandate to form and assist army. Clause 13 authorizes Congress to provide all the assistance, which Navy requires. Similarly, clause 14, 15, and 16 empowers the Congress to call and discipline military, to suppress invasions, and to regulate the activities of United States military. This therefore implies that the constitution of United States demands military officers are answerable to the Congress. Congress can declare war, award letters of marque and retaliation, enacts rules that to direct capturing on land and water. In addition, the Congress can send any military officers to areas, which it feels United States should display its military mighty. Although the army has its autonomy, the Congress prescribes their cause of actions (Legal Information Institute 1). The US Constitution requires that people who enlist or re-enlist in Armed Forces of United States to pledge enlistme nt oath. Any commissioned officer can administer the oath of enlistment for a given term of service in any branch of the military. Army officers swear, before the United State flag, that they will support and defend the Constitution of United States against domestic and foreign enemies. The army officers also assure the nation that they will be faithful and obedient to the orders from the president of United States. This oath of enlistment binds military officers to respect the spirit of United States Constitution. Loyalty to the Constitution in the part of army officers implies that they are ready to uphold ideals of their unit (Legal Information Institute 1). Therefore, the army officers dedicate and commit themselves to serve and protect the country faithfully. The foundation of laws of military justice has its basis on the United States Constitution. Article 1 section 8 gives Congress powers to regulate military operations. These powers enabled the Congress to enact substantive and procedures laws that direct the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Military law came into existence in the year 1950. Enactors of this law borrowed a lot for United State Constitution in order to make the existing law into a comprehensive code. Uniform Code of Military Justice underwent revision in the year 1968. The law established military courts. The Uniform Code of Military Justice allows the Army Criminal Investigation Command to investigate misconducts of military personnel. Misconduct on the part military officers ranges from rape,

Art of south and southeast asia before 1200 Assignment

Art of south and southeast asia before 1200 - Assignment Example There are many sculptures that represent Hinduism but there is none which is more representative of Hinduism than the statues of Shiva Nataraja or Shiva as the lord of Dance. This was a form of perfected sculpture under the royal patronage of the south Indian Chola dynasty during the late 10th to 11th centuries. Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi was the architect behind the Chola version of the Dancing Shiva. The royal families were known not to associate themselves with some aspect of a deity, and the efforts of Mahadevi were vital in ensuring a bond between Chola state and Shiva Nataraja. Generally, the Dance of Shiva was regarded a dance of cosmic proportions that signified the universe’s cycle of death and rebirth. This in turn signified the liberation of the believer through Shiva’s compassion. Iconography is a very vital aspect of art and this sculpture showed Shiva with four arms dancing on the prostrate body of Apasmara. The right and the left arms signifies abhaya  "have no faar† and promise of liberation respectively. Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajurabo was a typical style of the southern temple. The southern temples had a longitudinal axis and greatly expanded dimensions. Specifically, their superstructures were characterized by four-sided hollow pyramid. The front of Rajarajeshwara had a flat roof as opposed to the pyramidal roofs of the northern style. Each story of the southern temple was articulated by a large cornice while the exterior walls were ornamented with niches each holding a single statue. The northern temples were characterized by complex pillars with some having over 144 marble pillars. These pillars were all carved in. example include the golden temple of India. The Ananda Temple is an architectural wonder in a fusion of Mon and adopted Indian style of architecture. The building of this temple is regarded as a height

The informative speech. (Preparation Outline) Essay

The informative speech. (Preparation Outline) - Essay Example Have you ever know what are the psychological theories of aging process? II. I will inform you about the three major theories of aging process, their consequences on human mind. I have seen aged people around me with some problems. Some of them are expressive while some of them prefer to remain silent. III. I will inform you the different theories involved in aging process. There are biological as well as psychological theories. Basically I want to focus on the psychological theories of aging process. 2. Historically, the psychological study of human aging evolved in the twentieth century. Publications that mark this evolution are, for instance, Eisdorfer and Lawton (1973) and the first handbook on the psychology of aging edited by Birren and Schaie. 3.1. The Activity Theory: This theory is also known as implicit theory of aging or normal theory of aging. The theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961. According to this theory, a successful aging takes place when older people remain active and maintain their social interactions. 3.2. Disangagement Theory: It is based on the observation in the USA study of Cumming and Henry (1979) According to this theory, â€Å"aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between aging person and others in the social systems he belongs to.† ii. Social activeness by encouraging them to stay in the company of same member group in our housing society such as senior citizens club. Taking proper and healthy diet and involve in some physical activities that will suit them. Aging is an inevitable process in everyones life. The information I provide you about aging will be useful to know scientifically and cognitively about aging process. I explain the major theories in which you can study human behaviour in aging period. Now be familiar with the aging

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Energy Drinks - Essay Example The intake of the energy drinks thus is seen to reduce the number of accidents that take place every year. More people are encouraged to use the drinks rather than taking drinks that are alcoholic. It is true to say that the intake of the energy drink has gone up in many parts of the world. The reason for this is that most people are welcoming the drinks intake more and more as compared to the intake of alcoholic beverages. We can, therefore, say that since the energy drinks are not alcoholic, they have become more and more popular in the reduction of accidents. The fact that the energy drinks are seen to be made of low-carb also gives them a major advantage in the market. This means that on the intake of the drink, the whole body is filed up and the brains function is boosted. The consumer, therefore, gains the ability to carry out tasks they couldn’t carry out in the normal states of their bodies. Non-carbohydrate diets are said to be ketogenic. The meaning of this is that t hy cause the body to go into a state of ketosis. When a human body is said to go into a ketosis state, it means that the body fats, as well as the dietary fats, are converted into ketone bodies thus fueling the whole of the body to ninety-five percent. The body becomes very active and the brain becomes very alert causing the person to become more active than they were before the intake of the drink. All the positive effects of the energy drinks result in more people going to the stores and purchasing the drinks.

Things impact on the effectiveness of the communication process Essay Example for Free

Things impact on the effectiveness of the communication process Essay 1.Needs Expectations Needs and expectations help people predict the action of ourselves and other people under different environment. If an employee does not complete a work on time, the manager must be disappointed. Also, if the manager does not communicate clearly with an employee when the manager give the employee his expectations, then the person will have some problems on meeting his needs. However, if the manager communicates clearly expectations, then the employee can do works productively and minimize problems. 2.Technology Most people now use e-mail to communicate with each other. E-mail is really a useful and convenient communication method in the world. However, it also can bring some troubles. If X send an e-mail to Y but there are many mistakes in grammar and spelling, this e-mail must leave a bad impression on Y. As we lack of fact-to-face communication, the impression of someone is from using electronic communication mode such as e-mail, but sometimes this mode will influence the effective of communication progress. 3.Cultural Differences Culture differences in language, customs, behaviors and so on. Sometimes, culture may set a barrier to communication between individuals. People with different cultural backgrounds may think their culture is the best. This thought may affect the communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds and set barrier to our stable and harmonious society. 4.Attitude Bad attitude will affect the effective of communication with another person. The bad attitude can lead to mistrust or nervous or fears which will set barriers to communication. These feelings will make people lack of interest in the topic that they are talking now. Good attitude can make communication effectively. For making a good communication, people need to use â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and find the point of other people.

Client Server Network Architecture Essay

Client Server Network Architecture Essay Abstract This report is about the client server network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client which is low end computer which request services and or a server which is high end powerful computer which is highly capable of providing services to many different clients at the same time. The task which servers performs are like managing disk drives which are called file servers, managing printers which are called print servers or managing network data traffic known as network server. Clients are PCs which require or use these facilities from servers which include sharing files, printers, storage and sometimes processing. All the clients and servers in a network communicate by using different protocols which are set of rules or standards which govern the communication between any computers or devices connected in a network. This client server architecture is also known as two-tier architecture.(1) Introduction The advent of personal computers gave birth to the idea of client/server architecture. Before personal computers, programs were written for mainframes. Software written for mainframes was often coded in a monolithic format that is the user interface, business logic and data access functionality are all contained in a single application. Because the entire application ran within the mainframe this was not a problem.(2) Client/server model, needed to share many kind of services. As time passed the need of these services increased so servers also evolved. Many clients started sharing services of common server. Example can be of our web browser which is a client and requests services from web server like web pages or files. This is sometime also knows as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol server (HTTP) also for computer to make requests like a client Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and for transfer of files over internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Protocols are set of rules or standard that which governs the communication of two or more nodes in a network.(3) The relationship between two computer programs in which one program makes a request and other which provide the required service is called a client/server relationship. It is a backbone of interconnection of two or more programs or computers anywhere across the network. Example could be an ATM machine in which we send request for balance check or money withdrawal and through this machine which is like a client and bank has supercomputers which acts as servers and the transaction are handled by them and result is sent back to the client to display in front of user.(4) Client Server Architecture has two common architectural models. The two tier and the three tier architecture. In two tier architecture the application will be on the server instead of client because server has more disk space and power as compare to PC also the data will also be in server along with the application. In three-tier architecture the load is divided between two different servers instead of putting load on one and jamming other clients. These servers are database server and application server. The data and application are divided between these servers. Client would only request and display data. In this tier more manageable and less contention system for resources will be available because each server will be used either to process data or application requests.(6) Literature Review In modern world because of rapid changes in user requirements and increasing amount on daily basis of users sharing data among them the needs of faster and better network system growing tremendously companies are bound to upgrade their system every six months. Now Hures is also facing same problems. This is very common problem in any company because of the rapid development of business systems so to cater these problems any company should keep this in mind while developing new system is that they may need to upgrade very soon. Hures analyst did not plan the future scenarios properly and because that even internal and external environment is affecting the company. The business is affected by many changes like political, social and technological. Client/Server technology is often introduced for flexibility of coping with these changes. However it comes with its own challenges which we will discuss here. Client/Server is built on three basic building block they are client which is a small or less capable hardware or software then middleware which is a software which lies in between and server more powerful then client. The first block client runs different applications on its operating system which provides graphic user interface. Clients could have web browser for example as an application requesting services now operating system transfers these request to the middleware. Client also runs a DSM (Distributed System Management) it could be simple element to the entire front-end managing application. Middleware is application which has three categories: transport stack, network operating system (NOS) and server-specific middleware. It runs on both the client and the server. It also have DSM like clients and is the backbone of client/server architecture. Server is typically intelligent software or hardware it runs some application to make an interface with middleware. Server consists of five main components SQL database, TP Monitors, groupware , object and the web. Server also has DSM in it which can be a simple agent or entire back-end of the system. The Distributed System Management application runs on every node in the Client/Server network. The additional server like email could be used depending on size and usage of the network. Hures could also use similar OS in all workstations it also plays very important part in Client/Server. Same OS on all sides in network can reduce a lot of problems and it will increase server efficiency and will cause less strain on servers. The Alternative architecture which could overcome Hures problem can be client queue client or another one called peer to peer architecture. Client queue client Architecture is also called passive queue Architecture. In Client queue client all points including servers are simple clients. It was developed to continue on traditional Client Server Architecture. In this they were trying to make one client as a server for different clients to multiply the usage for clients. Hures could benefit from this track and order number of clients for better efficiency also there will be better resources distribution and sharing. Example is search engine which uses spidering for faster and better results. Peer-to-Peer Architecture rather than focusing on power of server it distinguishes itself by distributing power and function. It depends totally on bandwidth and power of different nodes in the network. This architecture goes against previous client server architecture where there is one central server it replaces it with nodes which function as clients and servers simultaneously. Hures could use this architecture because due to its encapsulation it makes it easier to repair or upgrade without clients being affected and its more secure and easy to maintain. Intranet is one of the oldest and safest way for any company to have communication among themselves. It works just like website on internet. It gives you options to log ons to access only authorize data at your level in company. Most of the corporations use intranet for sharing important data among the employees. Intranet is a kind of network which is built by using same tools and protocols used by internet or World Wide Web (WWW) but is only restricted to the network of this company only. It uses same HTML, Java and CSS and also provide same database to store data within network server. Security features are fully customizable so its your preference whether you want to change password every 30 day or to set different accessibility for employee depending their post and work in the company. Any outside person trying to access company files will be blocked by firewalls. The Advantages of this internal network is that inside employees can do very important information interchange very quick and secure. It makes the data sharing more effective, easier and effective manner. It can also be used for internal applications such as newsletters, policy manuals, and price list etc. It can also gather information related to expense and programs that can help to transact application. As it is a private place on internet its safer and secured because only authority can access the website. The Disadvantages of this intranet to be considered would be like firstly it is very expensive to setup and maintain because a special team of people need to be hired and trained for handling the process of managing resources of this particular company and organizing them in the website. This process will also be very time consuming to develop and also the number of individual users would have to be considered in the overall budget for planning, designing, implementing. Also to maintain the quality, testing and maintenance needs to be done at all time. Obviously once whole site is developed now each user in company needs to be trained also how to use and set up your passwords which will also affect overall budget. It is very true that the popularity of intranet software and the internet pose threats towards traditional client/server system because intranet software have more advantages as compared to peer to peer or client/server architectures. It takes the most advantage of networking technology in the business world and because it enables us to take full use of wireless and internet technology at the same time it is the most flexible most secure and gives more privacy as compared to offered by traditional client/server system. As a result it is the most popular choice among many companies. However it is also very important to keep in consideration that even though intranet is the most popular and successfully used and accepted worldwide, there are still parts in the system or particular company which needs to use traditional client server system. As far as security is considered there are always threats to any open network system. To reduce the risk of infiltration from outside sources prope r monitoring of network on continues level is severely needed. The most important aspect of any company/corporation should be the network security. Cctv could be installed in various places to remotely monitor all the activities of users within the office and no one should be allowed to use their plug n play devices to any individual workstation. Maintaining the network integrity should be of the highest priority and could reduce the unplanned damages to revenue but again the cost of doing all these procedures will be substantial.

Comparison on Watership Down and From Hutch to House Pets.... :: Free Essay Writer

Comparison on Watership Down and From Hutch to House Pets.... Not every author has the same opinion on certain creatures' status as living things. The extract from "Watership Down" by Richard Adams and the article "From Hutch to House Pets A Rabbit is the Perfect Companion, Even Inside the Home" by Susan Clark are written from a different format of text and therefore have different persuading technique on rabbits as subject matter. These two pieces are concerning rabbits, however, the authors regard rabbits as animals with different intellectual levels. In the newspaper article and the extract from a novel, the authors illustrate the relationships between humans and rabbits in very contrasting ways. In the extract from "Watership Down," the rabbits are personified to perform human activities; such as socializing with other rabbits, which humans would find unusual and impossible. Through rabbits, Adams can scoff at humans who cannot "sense much in a strange place where they cannot see, but with rabbits it is otherwise." Humans are also considered as shallow-thinking beings, because they don't "sense †¦ where they cannot see," "except the courageous and experienced blind [people]." The roles of rabbits and humans have been reversed within the two texts; in the novel extract, rabbits are thinking creatures and on newspaper it's regarded as normal house pets. In the newspaper article, rabbits are considered by the journalist as the "perfect pet" and "miraculous creature" because unlike cats or dogs they are pets that need very litt le taking care of. Both texts also discuss how rabbits are "social creatures [from] the wild †¦ [and] benefit greatly from †¦ living indoors with humans." Adams explains that among themselves "rabbits mingled naturally." Again, mockery against human is being mentioned again in the extract from the novel, "[rabbits] did not talk for talking's sake, in the artificial manner that human beings - and sometimes even their dogs and cats do." Adams is trying to challenge the readers' opinion on whether humans only socialize superficially or The comparison between rabbits and other animals as being pets keep reappearing within the two different texts. Adams portrays the rabbits as more sociable animals, unlike cats and dogs that are often used as pets by humans. According to Adams, rabbits apparently intermingle with other rabbits "not for talking's sake," instead they: "[get] to know what the strangers smelt like, how they moved, how they breathed, how they scratched, the feel of they rhythms and pulses.

Living with Computers :: Essays Papers

Living with Computers Ergonomics is the study of the physical relationships between humans and their tools, such as computers. Office chairs should be adjustable in height and should have lower-back support and arm rests. Desks that allow proper keyboard height and special ergonomic keyboards have been developed to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, a type of repetitive stress injury. To avoid damaging your eyes, avoid starring at the screen for long periods, position yourself from the monitor between two and five feet from your eyes, make sure no bright lights reflect off your screen, and use a monitor that has a relatively large screen without noticeable flicker. The computer industry has become know the fast pace rate of obsolescence, with both hardware and software being replaced every couple of years. Some of the leading toxic wastes coming form homes and offices are heavy metals used extensively in batteries, such as cadmium. Although some experts recommend leaving computers on all the time, this practice was shown to consume unnecessary amounts of electricity. One response has been the development of energy star equipment, which conserves electricity even when left on. Our legal system is gradually developing a code of laws to provide a legal framework for working with computers and on the Internet. The most prevalent breach of law in cyberspace is software piracy, the illegal copying or use of a program. Copyright laws relevant to computers and software are covered by the Copyright Act of 1976 and the Software Piracy and counterfeiting Amendment of 1983. Instead of building copy protection into their programs, most software developers discourage privacy among organizations by offering site licenses and network versions. Software viruses are parasitic programs that can replicate themselves, infect computers, and destroy data. Users can protect their data and software by using an anti-virus program. Hardware is sometimes stolen for the value of the data stored on it rather that for the value of the machine itself. Government, legal professionals, and computing professionals continue to debate computer-related ethical questions and attempt to develop laws that protect the freedoms of computer users while limiting immoral or illegal use of computers. Few actual laws, however, have been created or enforced to requiring computer users to let their own sense of ethics guide them.

Internet Essay -- essays papers

Internet Speech to Motivate a. Speech title (Tip - Should have a literary quality): â€Å" The Lungs of the Earth† b. Topic (Tip - narrow and adapt to audience, see ch. 5 in text): The Amazon Forest c. Purpose Statements (See sample W.O.R.M.S. and ch. 5 in text): 1. General Purpose: To persuade my audience. 2. Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to do one of these things to help preserve the Amazon Forest: write a letter, recycling, form and support a organization, or/and give financial support to preserve the Amazon Forest. 3. Central Idea (thesis): â€Å"The Amazon Forest is of Global Importance† d. Audience Analysis/Adaptations (Tip - see Chapter 4 in text; refer to student samples, answer all questions in complete sentences): 1. As you think of strategies to try to persuade this audience, what demographic variables in this class are you making a conscious effort to address? Explain. In preparing my speech, I have considered that 75% of them are between 19-23 and that they will suffer the consequences in a recent future if the amazon forest is destroyed I have also considered that nearly all my audience lives far from the amazon forest and that they maybe disinterested because they may think that the consequences of the destruction of the Amazon Forest won't affect them. Therefore I will address carefully that the consequences of the destruction of the amazon forest affects the entire world. Therefore I will address carefully this topic. 2. What does the audience already know about your topic that helps you form the appeals you will make? What new knowledge should this audience have by the end of your speech that you feel will help motivate them to do what you ask? (Tip - Answer all questi... ... However, still 65% of the Amazon forest is preserved. Therefore, not only one of us, but each one of us can still do something to help preserve what remain of the biggest biodiversity of the world, the Amazon Forest.† Bibliography (Tip - follow rules in Handbook: "Bibliography Tips," p. 27-28; three (3) credible sources minimum; attach sources): Bode, Thilo.â€Å"Greenpeace Launches Global Campaign to Save Amazon†. The Planet Ark Page. 02 of Jun. of 1999. * http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory*. Faeth, P. â€Å"Briefing on Solutions for the Amazon†. The Greenpeace Homepage.15 of Septemper of 1998. * http://www.greenpeace.org/~forests/brazil/amabrief1.html* Miller, K. and L. Tangley. 1991. Trees of Life: Saving Tropical forests and Their Biological Wealth. Beacon Press, Boston. Sizer,N.1996. The future of Rain Forests: A Global Issue.WRI, Washigton ,D.C.

Elegy for My Father’s Father

look at rhyme scheme for end line rhyme always a good place to start. there is not always end line punctuation giving it a conversational tone and seemingly being spoken to the reader. the title hints at the mournful tone baxter embodies being called elegy its about his grandfather if you didnt pick that up either.. he lived 80 years and never spoke his true feelings. gives the image that he is silent and strong and perhaps never found true love. nchanging cairn – remembered after death that pipes could set ablaze refers to his grandfathers Scottish heritage and that bag pipes were played at the funeral. may show a link to the narrators strong sense of pride and belonging in his heritage. the aaronsrod was used by the romans to make funeral torches from his bitter veins born refers to his family at the funeral high as the head of a man refers to his strength and want to create possibly his job as a builder. ld and blind shows he went blind and he lost his sense of belonging in the world so sat by the kitchen fire. through the burning glass of his mind shows his analytical approach to life. sober knew the green. probably a drunk. pride of his heart was dumb – silenced. never truly loved his wife – † in song or bridal bed † never admitted his love. the tongues of water spoke – † he was free in death † ferry to underwold. his heart was unafraid. he was ready to die. then do the language features and all and link to themes

My Favourite Book Essay

One of the things that I really love to do is to read. Through reading I have found out so many things about life in all of its aspects. Reading page after page, book by book, I have discovered the world around me, facts about past, present and versions of the future and i have learned so many amazing things. I’ve started reading at the age of eight when The stories from 1001 nights fascinated and captured me completely. It helped me to open my mind to new situations and I understood that the power of creation can change lives. Later, at the age of 10, I was amused by Pacala and Tandala adventures, but my favourite book is Childhood memories. This book contains lots of funny events on which young heart of Ion Creanga he lived and he felt intensely. One of the events and the one that surprised me very much is Pupaza din tei. It describes everyday life that was plagued by hoopoe song and how Nica tried to get rid of it. Another event comic is where Nica goes to the Ozana river even though his mother gave him the child in the care. Nothing prevents to go Ozana and to bathe, but gets his reward from his mother. All these events have made the reading to become an important part of my life and helped me to find out more about me, information about human nature, human art and history, human achievements, anatomy and human mental faculties. I love reading because it helps me to learn. to be creative and offers me new perspectives.

Cause and Effect: Comedy Genre Films and its Audience Essay

Genuine laughter is known by many to be the best universal medicine there is. It is the automatic cure for sorrow and sadness, the antidote to alleviate any emotional stress, the most inexpensive and may be argued as being the purest and most enlivening form of audible expression known to man. This has been the motivation of most forms of entertainment, along the lines of comedy and humor. In terms of film and genre, the power of comedic punch lines and witty comic antics matched with superb timing has the will to command boisterous laughs and thought-provoking ideas through humor. Though film representation of what is funny may vary, the interpretations that follow pertaining to what is laughable can be stretched from taking a particular scene within approval or dismay, and even in praise or disdain. The variant of comedy known as slapstick is probably the most identifiable form of humor in film. One of the earliest brands of comedy to be shown unto the silver-screen, slapstick’s effect on its viewers is indeed much more immediate and instantly and humorously stimulating. Filmsite.Org explains slapstick to be: This is primitive and universal comedy with broad, aggressive, physical, and visual action, including harmless or painless cruelty and violence, horseplay, and often vulgar sight gags (e.g., a custard pie in the face, collapsing houses, a fall in the ocean, a loss of trousers or skirts, runaway crashing cars, people chases, etc). (1) A solid film case of such a comedy would be Chuck Russell’s The Mask (1994) which starred Jim Carrey. He played Stanley Ipkiss, a local clerk of the Edge City bank, but upon his discovery of a rather supernatural item, in the form of a mask, it turns his life around, to say the least. As soon as he tries it on, he alters into a green faced, excessively fun loving, and extremely obnoxious individual. With Carrey’s expressive comedic demeanor and delivery with the Mask’s rowdy character features, the slapstick comedy is very well executed, and the film’s effect on its audience is more instantaneous—highlighting its purpose to amuse. His untamed manner even portrays a cartoon-like conduct which tickles the mind into more of reacting than analyzing the scenes by the audiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, there are films which rather choose to arouse audiences with a brand of high-browed comedy and almost insulting humor, still with the objective to entertain, but only in a different approach. Within the lines of cringe comedy, a comedy that is presented more on the lines of rather offensive depictions, the audience’s taste of comedy is tested. The interpretation of comedy indeed varies from the more traditional depiction of what is funny to how offensive a particular situation could be. Take for instance Larry Charles’ Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan which starred Sacha Baron Cohen. He played a Kazakh journalist who travels to the United States of America in attempt to experience the culture. But in the process, a series of cultural distortions are portrayed in the film, highlighting rather extreme and even distasteful situations wherein Cohen character, due to fictitious cultural gaps, would deliver outrageous comments and basically dare the social norms within his new environment. The film’s reception was one of debatable issue, and its content was deemed insulting by many, especially with the gender and racial issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   As the meaning of what is funny could and would differ, a simple understanding must be made known to all viewers: comedy is a form of entertainment. Whether it offends, stimulates thought-provoking themes, irritates, or makes its audiences feel good, it is all up to the viewer. It is all in the matter of perception—from beliefs, orientation, and sensibility. Works Cited Charles, Larry. Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan. Los Angeles, California, 2006 Filmsite.Org. Comedy Films. 2008: 1-7. 10 November 2008 . Russel, Chuck. The Mask. New York City, New York: New Line Cinema, 1994.      

Software Process

LARGE SCALE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 1. What are the fundamental activities that are common to all software processes? a. Specification – defining what the system should do; b. Design and implementation – defining the organization of the system and implementing the system; c. Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants; d. Evolution – changing the system in response to changing customer needs. 2. List the 3 generic process models that are used in software engineering? ? Plan-driven model. Separate and distinct phases of specification and development. Specification, development and validation are interleaved. May be plan-driven or agile. ? The system is assembled from existing components. May be plan-driven or agile. 3. Why are iterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used? accommodating change after the process is underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete before moving onto the next phase. 4. What are the three benefits of incremental development, compared to the waterfall model? ? The amount of analysis and documentation that has to be redone is much less than is required with the waterfall model. Customers can comment on demonstrations of the software and see how much has been implemented. ? Customers are able to use and gain value from the software earlier than is possible with a waterfall process. 5. What are the development stages in reuse-based development? ? Component analysis; ? Requirements modification; ? System design with reuse; ? Development and integration. 6. What are the principal requirements engineering activities? ? Feasibility study †¢ Is it technically and financially feasible to build the system? Requirements elicitation and analysis †¢ What do the system stakeholders require or expect from the system? ? Requirements specification †¢ Defining the requirements in detail ? Requirements validation †¢ Checking the validity of the requirements 7. Why is it increas ingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution? – Although there has been a demarcation between development and evolution (maintenance) this is increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are completely new. . What are the advantages of using incremental development and delivery? 9. What are the 4 sectors in each loop in Boehm’s spiral model? Objective setting ? Specific objectives for the phase are identified. ? Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key risks. ? A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the generic models. ? The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned. 10. What are the six fundamental best practices in the RUP? Plan increments based on customer priorities and deliver highest priority increments first. ? Explicitly document customer requirements and keep track of changes to these requirements. ? Organize the system architecture as a set of reusable components. ? Use graphical UML models to present static and dynamic views of the software. ? Ensure that the software meet’s organizational quality standards. Manage software changes using a change management system and configuration management tools.

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

3 - Assignment Example Workers at the firm lack adequate knowledge to operate existing system. The available system takes time to update hence the limited labor supply would tend to ignore the protocol and use outdated data in analyzing the market. The other constraint relates to costs. This is caused by the firm’s inability to schedule and utilize their line of production. The external constraint relates to demand in that the firm’s complex system makes it impossible to anticipate demand and hence distracting production (Upton & Singh, 2007). The firm encountered major challenges due to these constraints. Sunsweet Growers was unable to meet the market demand. The available labor supply become rigid hence was unable to change with changing demand. There existed increased cost in inventory and production due to poor planning. The firm was unable to control administrative cost and outdated excel systems had a negative effect on the operation of the firm. The firm was forced to seek a third party in order to procure a new system to enable better operations. The system had high initial cost to the company as employees where retrained and cost of purchase was high. The firm also was forced to operate beyond its normal capacity (Upton & Singh, 2007). The constraint had an impact on the normal operation of the firms. The firm had to incur extra cost on inventory and production. Due to their inability to anticipate demand, the firm had to hire more workers to increase their demand. The seasonal demand associated with the firm’s line of production takes a toll during low season and the firm is then forced to disrupt production. The practice poses a major threat to the very existence of the firm. The firm risks incurring more cost both administrative and operational. Increased cost of production would mean the prices of their products are increased in order to match the cost. Customers would shy off the products and seek other

She v. Her Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

She v. Her - Assignment Example For example, when a gay employee who hits on another employee of the same gender who isn’t gay. In the video clip, two employees working in the same department, Cara who is gay hits on Alisha who isn’t gay. They are the same gender. This is illegal because Alisha is being forced to work in an offensive, intimidating, hostile, humiliating, and sexually offensive work environment. According to the law, same-sex sexual harassment is forbidden under state law in spite of the sexual orientation of the parties. In this scenario, Cara is hitting on Alisha and its making her comfortable. On one hand, the courts have to conclude that a victim need not say or do a particular thing to indicate unwelcomeness. But it’s kind of odd or unexpected because it is the same type of behavior that if it was coming from a guy towards Alisha and she is feeling uncomfortable, I consider that as sexual harassment because it is â€Å"unwelcoming† for Alisha. Things like Cara putting her arms around Alisha, hugging her, leaning way down and putting her face way too close when they are looking at something on Alisha’s monitor while complementing on her outfit, how it makes her body look can be considered as sexual harassment because of the sexual advancements towards Alisha. Alisha can’t be blamed for feeling uncomfortable, any sanctions prohibiting Cara to stay away from Alisha can’t be laid down because they work in the same work environment and department and must have contact, this does not justify Cara to harass Alisha sexually out of her free will. If I brought that issue upon Cara, she can be bent out of shape because she would think I have a problem with her being gay because it will be out of her choice to be gay. Many people if asked to choose between Cara and Alisha’s sexual lifestyle, many would take Alisha’s side and move on. This situation cannot be let go off easily because touching someone in a nonsexual way

Ip2 hr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ip2 hr - Research Paper Example The required working hours should be stipulated in the agreement. A section stating the salary or wage that the employee will be paid is crucial. An employment agreement should have a clause on the company’s redundancy measures. Also, essential to the agreement is a section on the terms of resolving the employment contract. Proper description of duties and responsibilities of different jobs is essential in human resources practices. Such practices include recruitment and screening, planning, orientation, appraisal and in the classification of positions. An effective job description will outline the characteristics of the position clearly. It should spell out in detail the demands of the job, expected supervision and the distinguishing features that demarcate the job from others in the organization. Proper job description will list the tasks involved in the job and the number of people the individual will need to contact within the course of doing the job (Jackson et. al., 2009). It is essential to provide for the tools of work the position needs including manuals. Recruitment helps in getting candidates who are best qualified for a vacancy. The recruitment process should be fair and should uphold transparency. It should outline procedures involved in staffing clearly. It should provide a chance for incumbent employees to apply for the vacancy. Describing the process both internally and externally provides a chance for prospective applicants to gauge the fairness of the process. Different responsibilities and roles involved in the process should be articulated (Banks & Banks, 2011). A fair recruitment process will provide a clear description of the vacancy. Recruiters need to be well versed with laws and regulations that govern employment. Also, important to recruitment is the provision of clear procedures of how applicants can register complaints and appeals. Recruitment is an

Summary and paraphrase of Buckley's article Essay

Summary and paraphrase of Buckley's article - Essay Example This is problematic, because it is a sign of the attitude of complacency. During a movie, he observed similar kinds of attitudes with the projectionist, because the film was out of focus. This is in spite of the fact that everyone knew this, but no one seemed to care. 3. In keeping with his theory of social etiquette, Buckley sees a similar situation with himself every New Year’s Eve. He continually makes resolutions to himself to speak up against the kind of indifference from people like the train conductor, yet every year he never does. The classic example of this occurred on the airplane when he was trying to get the flight attendant to collect his empty tray. During this process, she spoke rudely to him and he had to wait longer for her to pick up his tray. 4. As a result, Buckley deduces that some kind of fundamental shift has taken place in the world. The shift is that no one is willing to go the extra mile for their customers, and that public is unwilling to speak up ag ainst it. The reason why he believes this is occurring is the tremendous technological advancements in this modern age. Beyond Babel: Why the Babble Below Will Matter Less By: Michael Schrage 1. In his article, â€Å"Beyond Babel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  author Michael Schrage is making the argument that although it is an impressive feat of intelligence to be multilingual, it is really unnecessary in terms of the global economy and its success. 2. Schrage clearly states that in a global management meeting, there are many linguistic differences and inefficiencies that do more harm than good. Although a non-native English-speaking representative is doing their best to relay a particular point, without proper fluency in the example language of English, it is more difficult for others to understand what the non-native English speaker is trying to say, as well as that person’s ability to relay the information. It is noted in the article that it is much more likely that business people in As ia speak Microsoft Word much more fluently than they do English. In toleration of an executive that seems to speak more malapropisms than can be understood, those that misidentify the numbers of the business will be fired. This is perceived as an unfair disadvantage, due to the fact that although someone may not be able to speak English, they may still be overlooked in spite of their shining examples of spreadsheet data. In this technological age, words are increasingly less important than the technology itself. Language is becoming a marginal ingredient in managerial goals. It is more important that the spreadsheet or simulation that has been provided have words to reinforce the images of these articles, not the words creating images on their own. It is still important for the words used to be articulate, but not so diluted with malapropisms or gerunds that the language is unclear. 3. Schrage makes the argument very clearly that it is not cost-effective, nor necessary for people to be multilingual in today’s technological economy. He clearly mentions that although someone may be able to speak the language with some fluency, they may not totally understand what they are saying or what is going on. He supports this with the linguistic inefficiencies of people who are not quite fluent in English, but are trying very hard. He mentions diversity creating a need for less ambiguous communications, thus using technology to increase the cross-lingual

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Research Paper

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain - Research Paper Example Perhaps due to this reason, â€Å"artistry of Twain’s ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ has inspired †¦ sophisticated and impressive critical responses†¦.† (Budd and Messent, 543) In case of Mark Twain such observation is truer as in his novels we see he has included a great deal of his autobiographical elements. In this context we can cite for the observation of Shelley Fisher Fishkin, whose observation asserts that the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn includes a great deal of autobiographical elements, â€Å"A boy of Twain’s acquaintance, Benson Blankenship, †¦. (His behavior would become a model for aspects of Huck’s behavior.)† (Fishkin, 21) It is from his autobiographical references we come to know, â€Å"By the time of Twain’s youth, slavery had become institutionalized in the South†¦In southern Missouri, where Twain, and Huck, lived, slavery still existed.† (Jarnow, 21)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ shows that the protagonist Finn undergoes several adventures and finally he develops his approach towards life out of the experiences of such adventures. Apart from Finn’s adventure to observe life from a close angle, there is another element that plays a very important role in the novel that is the protagonist’s (the novelist’s) attitude towards slavery. Constitution if the United States of America came into power since 1864 and it immediately abolished the system of slavery from America officially. The Constitution clearly declared that all men are free and they are eligible to receive equal treatment from the State, despite their differences in race, religion, ethnicity and skin color. (Wilson, 5) However, looking at the practical situation it is evident that situation of the black people or people from Afro-American ethnic background has remained unchanged even in the modern society. L ike all the other great

Bill Fontana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bill Fontana - Essay Example The avid composer attended the New York New School for Social Research, wherein he mastered philosophy besides studying various forms of music including classical music. Known to have traveled the world while studying music, Bill Fontana is said to have imbibed various cultures, with special regards to countries such as Japan, Germany and Australia, and applied his learning into various melodious musical compositions. Bill Fontana's musical input began in the year 1976 with the advent of sound scriptures. The career, which spanned over thirty years, witnessed Bill Fontana's composition revolving around the urban environment. His musical sources were inspired by the natural surroundings and had the ability to transform a simple tune into a fairy tale image. It could be compared, analyzed and comprehended before being interpreted by the listeners in their own imaginative ways. The effective use of sound scriptures by Bill has been known to move mountains when it comes to assessing musical works. The skilled composer has staged his performances in reputed events such as the Venice Biennale in the year 1999, the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1991, the Museo Reina Sofia, Spain in 1995, Madison Square Park, New York and the Tate Modern, the United Kingdom in the year 2006. The artist is also known the world over for his mesmerizing compositions such as the Distant Trains, Satellite Ear Bridge Colog ne-San Francisco, The Sound of an Unblown Flute Panoramic Echoes and Journey Through My Sound Scriptures. (Tux Deluxe, 2007) The Concept Of Bill Fontana Vs John Cage / Luigi Russolo Bill Fontana's is known to be a sound architect with a difference. He is also stated to have used objects such as belly jars and brewery bottles to study the frequency of sound through the study of echo and acoustical properties of the related objects. The transformation of an ambient sound into a musical phrase was executed to perfection in Fontana's 'Sound Sculptures'. This reflection of sound is often referred to as lending an 'ear to the world.' To draw the attention away from visual contemplation of a materialistic object, Fontana placed a microphone in the cavity of a resonate object and allowed the sound vibrations to a group of well placed speakers on the ground below. When compared to the concepts of modern composer John Cage, who did not believe in making use of the sounds of whistles and machine vibrations, the sounds generated by Fontana were based on objects which emitted noise. Fontana's concept was lauded by composer Luigi Russolo, who went a step further and added a n ew dimension to the music of sound by including shaking of doors, thumping valves, throbbing engine motors and thudding pistons in his futurist manifesto, The Art Of Noise. Later even John Cage admitted to the fact that these noises could be made 'extra musical' through the means of various unconventional devices. John Cage, on the other hand, believed in the power of silence. This avant-grade composer was supposedly the inventor of silence and in the year 1952, he composed his most famous piece ever, entitled 4'33". The composition involved a complete silence for 4 minutes and 33 seconds wherein apart from the background hum from the audience and the occasional coughs from

Design in 21 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design in 21 - Research Paper Example Steve Jobs also grew up in a period where there was freedom of expression, in America, and when the culture was very tolerant and open. In college, the favorite subject of Steve Jobs was typography. He was able to make a connection on how fonts were able to influence the contents of a design and their audience. Steve Jobs spent most of his years studying the philosophies of eastern nations, and their holistic values (Shea, 11). These values are all manifested into the product philosophy of Apples, through its production of a seamless, sleek, simple and integrated design. The first product made by Apple that was able to change the field of design is the invention and the design of the Macintosh computer system which had a Graphic User Interface (GUI). This computer system was introduced in 1983, and it was meant for designers (lumenthal, 23). This system came with an input device and a mouse which would make it possible for an individual to allow computer drawings, and accurate cursor control. This system also came with a MacPaint, MacWrite and other fonts which allowed designers to lay out pages that they could print. On this basis, this design by Apples ushered in a new period of Desktop Publishing. This completely changed the field of design, by ushering in, the era of digital design (Shea, 33). On this basis, the computer systems that were using Apple’s GUI became a standard system for all computers that were being manufactured worldwide. The demands of GUI enabled computers were very high, and they revolutionalized the design world whereby the digital artist had a new media platform that could help him or her to create and design products (lumenthal, 22). Following the successes of these Macintosh computers, Steve Jobs and Apples separated for a period of ten years. Steve Jobs pursued his business interests by developing computer software’s that were able to be used in the fields of animations. However, after ten years, Steve Jobs was able to

Hancock & film Essay Example for Free

Hancock film Essay Hancock is a film starred by Will Smith as Hancock himself. This film separates itself from the rest of the films for it is an unconventional story of a super hero. The media has instilled in its audience that as a superhero, one must be a good role model. He should be, if not perfect at all, at least close to being one. And yet, this film is a story of the superhero who was a drunkard and undisciplined and selfish man. He seemed ordinary. It was hard to somehow believe that he can save lives. That was what was special about this film. It created a new image of a superhero. It showed a different angle on creating a good superhero. It showed that man is capable of becoming a hero, no matter how bad he can become at times. With these differences it had, it was rather right to question if the film was an effective superhero film. The location and the setting of the film were appropriate to its story. It had the view of an everyday and ordinary life of an ordinary man. Since Hancock was not to be considered as the typical superhero, it seemed that he was treated as an ordinary but strong character. His environment emphasized his strength and his goodness. His strength was presented when people around him tried to insult him. This was shown in scenes where he was called an asshole and then he made sure he was able to teach the person who called him with such name a lesson. Nonetheless, he was provided with the attitude of goodness. His environment was filled with criminals and law breakers. It showed that even if Hancock was drunkard, he wanted to make sure that he saved lives and put criminals in jails. The Mise-en-scene of the film was even so effective in aiding the story through out the duration of the film despite the weakness of the storyline. Hancock, as a superhero film, was expected to have low angle shots to show the authority of the protagonist or the superhero. However, there were a number of high angle shots in the film which suggests the authority of the audience. The shots of Hancock were always either close up shots or medium shots. This focuses the film to Hancock himself. It relayed the message to me that Hancock should be closely watched for the story centers around him and I, as an audience, am a part of his environment. With this, there seemed to be something different with the film. It is not just any typical superhero film. It is rather more emotionally attached in the part of the audience, given the high angle shots and the close up and medium shots of the character. This may be a good one, but also, it can be a bad one. Focusing on its bad effect, it lost its capacity to establish the authority and superiority of the lead character, who was supposed to be treated as an ordinary human yet a superhero. The shots were not moderately thorough which resulted to the was confusion in the shots whether he should be an ordinary lead character or the superhero. If the cinematography was good, it should have made it possible for the audience to identify the character’s role with its visual content, even without the dialogues of the film. The editing of the film was fairly clean. However, there were effects which were slightly disorienting or confusing. One example is when Hancock flew with the car of the pursued criminals. The car bumped on buildings but the buildings were broken instead of the car. One would ask the question, ‘How can that be possible? ’ Although it must aslo be considered that this film is a fiction and it should contain improbable scenes. As the audience, my reason for stating that the editing was fairly clean is because it was able to put to visual an ordinary setting. There were clean cuts of the frames. The transition from one scene to another was clear. On the other hand, there were only minimal special effects like the flying of Hancock, the breaking of the buildings, cars and roads. Other than that, there was nothing more to suggest in the editing that Hancock was a superhero film. Moving on to the musical scoring and sound effects, the film was able to have its audio presented well. The musical scoring was appropriate to the scenes where it was played. An example is when Hancock was flying and the song was Get out the Way by Ludacris. There were birds and other things that were blocking him in flying faster to where he was needed. Another example is the scene where Hancock was in jail and Ray and Mary were thinking about him. The background sound was dramatic and it showed the emotions of the character towards each other. The sound effects were in same manner as appropriate as the musical score. The crashing of the cars, the breaking of the buildings, the flying of Hancock, the cheering and booing of the crowd, the flashing of the camera of reporters, and many other sound effects were placed in the proper scenes. Even the small details were given the proper sound effects. Nothing was taken for granted when it came to the audio. The characters’ delivery of their lines was clear which suggests the usage of proper and reliable devices. The volume of the background sounds were also just enough for the audience to get the hold of both the emotion of the character and the setting of the scene. All in all, the sound of the film acted as its soul. And it is but fair that this made the film live justifiably well in its technical sense on music and sound. The most important contributor in this film was its Mise-en-scene. It was well provided and it was very effective in its purpose in identifying the film as a superhero yet, seemingly ordinary world of Hancock. It was a very good establishing point of the story. It was able to tell the story as clearly as possible. Although I must say that the story was not as strong as it should have been and the cinematography lacked a little organization. Still, the Mise-en-scene was able to provide the audience the factors and elements they it needed in order to be well-informed about the film. It provided the proper imagination for the audience to fully grasp what the scriptwriter and the director wanted to convey. The question whether Hancock was an effective superhero film or not, I must answer that it did not have the strongest justification for a yes. The visual of the scenes were good, however the shots and angles were not as good. There seemed to be something missing in the scenes. The sound in the film provided the audience well with aid to the visual but it was not quite enough. The film needed a tighter interconnection of the visual and the audio in the technical aspect so as to deliver the story well. And although the Mise-en-scene and the sounds of the film were independently provided well, it still lacked the spice to say that the film was indeed an effective superhero film.

Why Marriage Matters Essay Example for Free

Why Marriage Matters Essay Marriage matters. If marriage did not matter, would it even be considered when growing up? Today, I feel that the word â€Å"marriage† is often misunderstood, and that’s why I am intrigued by any research that has been done on this topic. Like most, I believed that the divorce rate was skyrocketing. However, as I was going through my Marriage and Family book, I quickly began to realize that marriage has survived through it all due to its importance. According to the report I chose, â€Å"Why Marriage Matters,† in the later half of the twentieth century, divorce posed the biggest threat to marriage and was the event most likely to undercut the quality and stability of children’s family lives in the United States. Since, then divorce rates have come down and children who are now born to married couples are actually more likely to grow up with both of their parents than were children born at the height of the divorce revolution. Today, cohabitation has emerged as a powerful alternative to and competitor with marriage but also has become an unrecognized threat to the quality and stability of children’s family lives. Today’s children are also more likely to spend time in a cohabiting household than they are to see their parents’ divorce. About a fourth of children are born to cohabiting couples than to single mothers. This report focuses on the impact that cohabitation is having on marriage, family life, and the welfare of children. Children and health are two of the most important aspects of life. According to research, the structure of a family is the most important thing when considering the health of your child. Children in cohabiting households do significantly worse than children than children in intact, married families and about as poorly as children living in single-parent homes. Also, children in cohabiting homes are more likely to be physically, sexually, and emotionally abused according to recent federal data. American life is becoming increasingly unstable for children. Multiple transitions are especially linked to higher reports of school failure, behavioral problems, and drug use among many other problems. It is not just the structure of a family that matters it is the stability as well. One of the biggest reasons that children’s lives are increasingly turbulent is that cohabitation households are much more fragile than married families. â€Å"Complex households,† where parents have children with more than one partner, have shown that the children whom come from these relationships will have poor relationships with their parents and can sometimes lead to health and behavioral problems. When it comes to a child’s wellbeing, research suggests that family structure is a better predictor of children’s psychological and social welfare.

Melaka After Being Labeled As Unesco Historical City Tourism Essay

Melaka After Being Labeled As Unesco Historical City Tourism Essay Chapter 2 is an overview of literature and models that are related to the research problem presented in the previous chapter. Reviewing the literature help to define the perception and reflect on the value and benefits of UNESCO label and its terms and conditions. In addition, the opportunity of tourism industry to the economic growth of Malaysia and Malacca, the impact and implementation will be discuss further. In the early era of human being, human travels or moving from a place to another place in order to avoid from danger, hunting for foods or changing of weather. Besides that, war, trade, religion and leisure also made people to move (Ding Kay Lee, 2009). The origin of modern tourism is usually quoted as the Grand Tour (Kastenholz, 2002). Where after, the industrialization epoch makes travel accessible for a up rising number of people due to more revenue, idles time available, improved of technology, increase of knowledge and curiosity. Before War World II, the growing needs of leisure are low due to bad working, hard living predicament and low standard of episteme. The increase of private business, car ownership, and improvement of the road system and the development of the airline industry after World War II help to catalyze and inspire the growth of the tourism industry (Ding Kay Lee, 2009). Next, with the effect of increasing in industrialization development, it has brought to increasing of the demand for international tourism to urge the development of the international tourism industry. Nowadays, tourism almost becomes part of the basic need in the wealthiest part of the developed world, where it assists people to obtain a higher degree of physically and psychological balance (Kastenholz, 2002). 2.1 Tourism Industry Definition of tourism industry is difficult; it is defined as a people who travel and stay in a place beside from their staying more than twenty-four hours and not more than one year for leisure, business and other goals not related to the implement of an activity rewarded within the place visit. An integrity model of tourism is shared by Cook, Yale, and Marquas (1999) which spine around the tourists and divided into three large layers, which include several tourism participants and organizations of inter-dependent groups, enveloping the focus point. The first layer of the model consists of the tourism promoters such as tour administrators, tourists board and traveler agents. Marketing efforts will be carrying out directly and indirectly by the administrators to the tourists. Matters pertaining on travel issue normally will be corresponded between tourists and administrators. The tourism services suppliers is the second layer of the model where provide services that are asked by tourists such as transportation and accommodation. The third layer is the environment. Comparing other industries, the external environments, which consists of social, cultural, political, environmental, and economic forces is reveled by tourism industry. The ability of both tourism administrators and services suppliers to react regularly on forces that may range from tricky and sudden changes is necessary. (Ding Kay Lee, 2009) Socio-cultural appearance and an economic development tool for both tourist generating and receiving countries also as an important sector of tourism. Tourism helps to create employment and business opportunity in the most visited region in personnel property. Positive effects on income will receive by both investors and employees in the industry. Effects of multiplication happen when tourists consume, government infrastructural investment and the purchasing power created by the enlargement income. In addition, foreign exchange for the receiving countries can be achieved from the exportation branch of international tourism. Tourism Promoters Tourism service Supplier Enviromental Cook, Yale, and Marquas (1999) tourism model 2.2 A City of Future with Listing of UNESCO The future of Malaccas tourism industry is well foretells with the World Heritage listing. This will bring in new businesses opportunities idle domestic or international and wishing the forwardness of cultural infrastructures. However, tourism can be a double-edged sword. It is critical to surveillance and minimize the negative impress of tourism, assuring against inverts of destiny (tourism industry unstably influenced by perishes and fuel prices) or over-success in case fast gentrification, hovering asset prices and living costs compel the locals. Through the heritage trial design, the advantages of tourism could be promote for local communities and stakeholders by community groups, training and attaching them as administers, judger and retailers. A coordinated information platform could help to accelerate local initiatives such as cultural programs, home stays and small enterprises. Thinking of to making Malacca a city of the future -an ideal location for creative throngs and ICT enterprises, or a cultural, leisure and service center for the larger Indonesia- Malaysia- Singapore Growth Triangle Region is to be transformed. Such strategies should be directed at restoring abandon buildings, not substituting presence communities. On the other hand, economic merit could be achieved by expending the educational potential of Malacca. The Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca should be taught in Malaysian schools on its local historic and sense. With a little more interpretation and cultural installation, Malacca could serve as an open museum of its civilization and architecture, catering especially to Malaysian and ASEAN students. As a field introduction to Asian cultures, study trips are already being organized annually by several foreign universities for undergraduate and graduate students. To go further with this idea, the existing of a prestigious university with an urban campus not only helps revive the city but also create a demand for student accommodation and local services. (Heritage Asia OCT -Dec 2008) 2.2.1 Term and Condition of UNESCO Listing To be listed in World Heritage list, sites must be of remarkable universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria. The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention  explained the criteria which, besides for the text of Convention, it also the main processing tool on World Heritage. Regularly reformulated on the criteria are done by the Committee to reflect the developing of the World Heritage concept itself. Until end of 2004, six basis cultural and four natural criteria were selected by World Heritage site. With revising the adoption of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists. Below and the criterias of include in the World Heritage List: (Quoted from WOLD HERITAGE SITE, 2004) Selection criteria: To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations. 2.2.2 Benefit of Heritage As Malacca had gained a world heritage label in 2008, it had brought certain advantages or significant on Malacca Economic, state development, communities, social, education and site owners. (Little Penang Street Market, 2009) For example, there will be: New business opportunities generated for a host, not least deriving from the prestigious Heritage listing. A wider development of a creative economy in Malacca is to be linked, as well as to a cleaner, safer, more positive civic environment through commitment to a decent management plan. Increased local, federal and international project funding access. An increase in tourist arrivals, not least in cultural tourism, again leading to greater business opportunities and turnover. Cultural tourists are known to stay longer and spend more. Potential for investment in local artisans and craftspeople, with subsidies, training and identification of new commercial opportunities. The continuation of other development and business activities. Greater economic returns through appreciation in value. Improved documentation of city and state. 2.2.3 Culture Tourism Tourism can be considered as an omnipresent appearance in modern society, but its definition is far from consensual. Normally, people think of tourism as holidays focusing on the pleasure motive, but neglecting other forms of travel, such as business tourism, cultural tourism, and health tourism. (Ding Kay Lee, 2009) Cultural tourism is defined as the persons movement for essentially cultural intentions such as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours; travel to festivals and other related events by World Tourism Organization (2001). Essentially, cultural tourism is based on the mosaic of places, traditions, art forms, celebrations and experiences that portray of host nation and its people (National Assembly of State Arts Agencies, 2005). On other hand, following technical definition of cultural tourism: all movements of persons to specific cultural attractions, such a heritage sites, artistic and cultural appearances, arts and drama outside their usual place of residence are suggest by Bonink and Richards (1992). Generally, in the point of view, travelers with high socio-economic status, high levels of education, sufficient leisure time, and often having occupations related to the cultural industries and education is likely to be compose in culture tourism (Richards, 1996). 2.3 Tourisms Potential for Economic Growth Tourism is one of the important sectors of Malaysian economy growth; it is third income of the economy just after mining (petroleum) and manufacturing (Pazim @ Fadzim Othman, 2009). Rapid growth of tourism industry has been identified as a key driver of growth in the services sector. The industry has strengthened the services account of the payment and continues to be a hinge of foreign exchange earner, contributing to GDP (gross domestic product) growth, investment and jobs employment. (Senior Research Officer with the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER), 2008) Generally, other related service industries, particularly food and beverages, accommodation, transport, entertainment, shopping, foreign currency development of regions (Avi Ella, 2009) and other small and medium-sized industries will be affected by the expansions of tourism industry on its growth. Based on the Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010, tourism-related activities provided 492,000 jobs for employees which representing 4.4 per cent of the total workforce in 2006.Compare with 390,600 jobs in 2000, accounting for 4.2 per cent of the total workforce, it has increase 26 per cent of the work force. However, it is even greater in employment creation, when the strong linkages tourism with other segments of the economy, such as transportation, retail, utilities, food and beverages, as well as financial services are taking into account. (Senior Research Officer with the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER), 2008) Moreover, tourism also plays an important role in helping low-income groups improving their livelihood and income earn through involvement in tourism-related activities, such as rural homestay program, eco- and agro-tourism tour guide activities as well as handicraft industries. Below is the statistic of homestay program in Malaysia. In April 2009, 3,150 Homestay participants had registered with Ministry of Tourism. (Tourism Malaysia, 2009) Statistic of Homestay Visitors Domestic Visitor International Visitor 2007 2008 Growth (%) 2007 2008 Growth (%) 51,055 68,416 34 21,368 23,117 8.2 Receipts of Homestay Receipts (RM) 2007 2008 Growth (%) Jan-Mac 2009 Growth (%) 4,923,433.30 6,393,676.63 29.9 2,319,018.40 7,755,616.30 Table 1: Statistic of Malaysia Homestay from Tourism Malaysia 2.3.1 Tourism Brings Prosperity to Malacca As a part of Heritage Worlds, Malacca is proud with its own economic performance at a macro level and is far better than the national level or that 11 other states. It holds huge potential in gaining more income for business and improves the livelihood of locals and has generated employment opportunities. (Bernama, February 20 2008). For the last 7 years, Malaccas economic performance successfully generated a stimulating growth of economy with an average Gross Domestic Output (GPP) of 5.8 per cent with its unique and amazing of tourism contribution.   In 2008, more than 6 million people visited the historical state last year and spent RM3 billion during their stay. With the present Malaccas tourism campaign of Visiting Historical Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia, 6.8 million tourists are expected with the expectation they will be spending RM3.4 billion in their journey of traveling. With the slow growth of world economy, Malacca is harvesting more on the service sector and the crops are mainly come from the tourism industry. Its 65% of Malacca GDP in 2008. (Tourism Malacca, 2008) To ensuring the tourism sector progresses for the benefit of the state and its people, Malacca played an important role in Malaysias tourism industry as a historical and safe destination and with a unique mix of modern infrastructure and nation, the state government has implement a lot of projects in this several years and investing a lot of money to protect and renew the valuable heritage cultures and architectures. Malacca is highly optimistic of the tourist numbers and extrapolations point the number will reach 8.2 million by 2010. (Tourism Malacca, 2008) Table 2: Statistic from Tourism Melaka 2008 Adapting from Bernama report, Malacca Chief Minister Datuk Seri Mohd Ali Rustam noted that, in ensuring the benefit of the state and its people with the progress of culture tourism sector, the state is in the midst of implementing several new high impact tourism projects. Among them is the development of Sungai Malacca at a cost of RM320mil as a new growth tourism centre that will parallel San Antonio River in the United States for its beauty and cleanliness. Several value-added projects are to be established along the banks of Sungai Malacca, among others the Casa Del Rio Boutique Hotel worth RM85mil, the Customs, Immigration and Quarantine (CIQ) Complex valued at RM35mil and a marina worth RM25mil. Besides that, archaeological works on the Malacca Fort walls are being undertaken with an allocation of RM12.8mil from the Federal Government. The Malacca government through Tourism Malaysia, the Malacca State Tourism Action Committee and relevant agencies are always working out new ideas to turn Malacca into a compelling tourism centre in the world. With the emphasis given by state government on tourism events of international expend and working closely with United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in order to promote Malacca as one of world heritage sites to international tourists. With the acknowledgement from UNESCO, Malacca will continue remain as a tourism destination of choice for local and foreign tourists. Besides that, famous local traditional food such as nyonya food, Portugal ikan bakar, and chicken rice ball should exploit in advertisement of ICT to attract the cultural tourists to visit the state. It is important to note that such food is not only delicious but only can be found in Malacca. The art of cooking this delicious food can also be used as an attraction tool for cultural tourists. In addition, Malacca is also famous with its dessert such as baba type ais kacang, cendol, and coconut shake. For information, accommodation is not a problem where there are 5096 hotel rooms, 2458 resort hotel rooms, 484 chalets and 136 homestay rooms. Thus Malaccas tourism industry will continue to bringing greater prosperity to the state and its people. 2.3.2 Impact of Historical Tourism to Entrepreneurs/ Small Business in Malacca Tourism development provides an avenue for overall economic development and a boost for local entrepreneurship or small business activities. As a result, the encouragement of entrepreneurship and sustainable tourism development has emerged as core areas for policy support and donor-assisted funding across both developed and developing  world. Tourism and Entrepreneurship: international perspectives provides an innovative, fresh approach reflecting on the most recent trends in tourism development. The central stage of the book is the role of entrepreneurship in the context of regional/local tourism development.   From what I had observed, tourism in Malacca is increasing recently after being labeled as UNESCO World Heritage. The tourists are from local such as Johor, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and so on. While for international tourists, mostly are from Singapore as they are just the neighbors of Malaysia, others are from Japan, Taiwan and China. On the other hand, with the increasing of tourism in Malacca, it also brings the impact to the small business especially small business/ entrepreneurs in Jonker Street, such as Malacca Nyoya Laksa, chicken rice ball, cendoll and traditional handicrafts. Beside from that, it also brings economic benefit to the small business near town such as Newton food court, Malacca Spring Tower, shopping mall such as Dataran Phalawan and Mahkota Perade. The business of tricycle at Red House Malacca also seems to be increase recently with the visit of tourists. For hotel business, it is part of the expenditures among the traveler, there is more and more hotels are build in Malacca, there are a lot of hotel choices rating from budget hotel to 5 start hotel such as Kings Hotel, Equatorial Hotel, Star Regency Hotel and Holiday Inn. During the weekend, the room of most hotels almost fully book, it is around 80% (9th Malaysia Plan). In addition, the eco-culture tourism also becomes one of the famous visited by tourism such as zoo Malacca, butterfly farm, tropical food and bee farm. In 2 years time, there will be another tourism site near by zoo Negara. It is Malacca Mini Water Park and another hotel will be build there to overcome the needs of tourists. In order to overcome the increase of tourists, historic Malacca will be introducing a RM272 million tram transportation system which will begin at the Plaza Tol Ayer Keroh here and cover 23 locations and a distance of 40 km to downtown in 2011. 2.4 Pro-poor Tourism Pro-poor tourism is an approaching of tourism to the poor that increases the net benefits (Ashley et. al, 2001). Pro-poor tourism is introduce long time ago as a tourism product and purely to ensure that the poorer section of the community too will have their share of the tourism economic pie in a host. It will decrease inequality and the increasing gap between the rich and poor which result in pro- poor growth. Deteriorating income distribution is part of a concern in Malaysia where poverty is becoming more complex coupled; new approaches are required since previous ones have little impact on poverty reduction (Yeang, 2005). 2.4.1 Assessment of Pro- Poor Tourism in Melaka Historic City Malacca is a popular tourism destination among international and domestic tourists as it is known for its historical past and rich in heritage site. Tourism is an important economic sector in Malacca and it is the second most concernment in terms of its contribution to the states revenue after manufacturing and mining. Malacca was able to attract 4 million international and domestic tourists in 2004, mostly concentrating in the Malacca Historic City itself. Compare with the total number of visitor in table 2, table 3 shows the number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Malacca from 2001 to 2004. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainab Khalifah, Assoc. Prof. Dr Amran Hamzah, Nor Azina Dahlan, Ahmad Tajuddin Kechik, 2008) Table 3: Number of International and Domestic Tourist Arrivals in Malacca (2001- 2004) Category Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 Domestic 1.48 1.80 2.86 2.99 International 1.02 1.20 0.74 1.01 Total 2.50 3.00 3.60 4.00 2.4.2 Cities and Tourism From what had World Tourism Organization find out, recent trends and prognosis studies signifying that cities will continue to be in high demand by tourists of all sorts especially cities with UNESCO listed such as Malacca and Penang. With Malaysia benefits from its own special location and is ideal for foreign tourists searching for new world of tourism (Pazim @ Fadzim Othman, 2009). Many culture tourists like to spend their time wondering around in the cities to see its specialties and experiencing the culture, architectures, enthusiasm of nation and not least with it historical places. However, all parties concerned must be more systematically equipped and aware with the problems connected in handling of these tourists. (World Tourism Organization, 2009) Therefore, cities face is a double challenge. Firstly, good respondents to the expectations and needs of the growing numbers of tourists who are attracted to their rich and various ornament of cultural, business, entertainment, shopping, sports and other attractions; furthermore, in order to maintain their share in the competitive tourism market and the benefits resulting from it, continuous renovation and improve such infrastructure is needed to be construct annually. Secondly, cities have to ensure that tourism is developed and managed in such a way that it benefits the resident population, equality of development, does not contribute to the deterioration of the urban environment but rather to its enhancement, and does not become a financial burden to the local authority (AIDE MEMOIRE, 1999). There are three key dimensions of tourism in cities and urban areas: Products   To enhance the unique appeal of Malacca tourism product and service, the state government continue to promote their states traditional advantages, its cultural and natural heritage with its eco- and agro- tourism. Other tourism products include theme parks, operators of events (sports, shows, and fairs), museums, hotels and also convention and exhibition (MICE) segment. (Night Malaysia Plan 2006-2010) Information   As the relying of information in tourism sector is high, information and communication technology (ICT) contribute unlimitedly to the tourism business especially the Internet. It has substantially changed the strategy for tourism stakeholders, providing new challenges and opportunities in promoting and selling their products and services. Several campaign such as Visiting Historical Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia,, Malacca International Tourism Show (MITS) 2009, and ZOOM MELAKA can be spread to the worlds through ICT in form of internet, advertisement, e-commerce and news. (Senior Research Officer with the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER), 2008) Impacts   Economic and development opportunities as well as the impact of tourism growth on sustainable development, transportation, food and entertainments, cultural, and environmental, social and economic aspects form tourism industry to the cities and its people to be benefited. (AIDE MEMOIRE, 1999)   2.4.3 Implementation of State Government to Boost up Number of Tourist Arrivals to Historical City. With the impact of Malacca being label as UNESCO site, a number of tourism infrastructure projects have being implemented by state government in its effort to boost up the number of tourist arrivals, increasing their length of staying and to maximize revenue earn from tourism. These various tourism projects in relationship with the marginalized communities can be categorized as either circumstantial or deliberate. Circumstantial is development of tourism which is not targeted for the poor but the runoff over of the development benefits the poor. Deliberate is when the development is mainly aimed for the poor. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainab Khalifah, Assoc. Prof. Dr Amran Hamzah, Nor Azina Dahlan, Ahmad Tajuddin Kechik, 2008) Tables 4 and 5, it briefly list the various government tourism projects and special events, the agency responsible for the development, aim of the development and its benefits to the marginalized communities. A scale, ranging from 1 for low benefit to 3 for high benefit is used as an estimate to indicate the benefits received by the marginalized communities. Table 4: Tourism Projects and its Benefit to Marginalized Communities No Government Tourism Projects Agency AIM/ Purpose Benefits to Marginalized Communities 1 Malacca River Rehabilitation MOTOUR/ MBMB To beautify revitalize Malacca River as a tourist attraction 2 Opportunities available but need intervention. Potential future benefit from boat cruise. 2 Street Improvement Scheme along Jln. Tokong/Jln. Tukang Besi/Jln. Tukang Emas And Jln. Hang Jebat Ministry Of Housing And Local Government To create safe and conducive walking environment for tourists 1 Gentrify and revitalize inner cities Benefit elite businessmen 3 Development of Hang Tuah Mall based on the concept of Bukit Bintang Walk Ministry Of Housing And Local Government /MBMB Revitalize shopping precinct 2 To provide flagship tourism product (State icon product) Meant to house petty traders but the high rent hinders their participations 4 Restoration of 18 units of shop houses along Jln Laksamana MBMB To visually enhance gateway to Malacca and to attract tourist users 2 Still maintain previous occupants 5 Mini museum/gallery at Portuguese Settlement/Kg.Chetti/Kg.Pali PERZIM To showcase and preserve Melakas Heritage 1 Poor presentation Low tourist appeal Superficial No emotional attachment Lack Revenue capture Mechanism 6 Conservation restoration of historical building, national monuments Museum Antiquity Department To showcase Cultural diversity and Preserve Malacca heritage 3 Allows trinkets sellers to set up stalls along popular tourist route 7 Restoration of Atlas Ice PERZIM Cultural centre. Business incubator for handicraft. To supply Genuine handicraft. 1. Low Benefit 2. Moderate Benefit 3. High Benefit Table 5: Special Events and its Benefits to Marginalized Communities No Special Tourism Events Agency AIM/ Purpose Benefits to Marginalized Communities 1 Jonker Walk : Involves the closures of Jalan Hang Jebat (Jonker Street) on Friday, Saturday and Sunday evenings to be turned into a cultural night market Jonker Walk Committee Chinese Chamber Of Commerce To introduce night life and activities as well as the cultural ambience 2 Directly benefits food sellers within the area. 2 Seasonal/ Cultural/ Religious Events Portuguese Settlement San Pedro Fiesta Intrudo (Water Festival) San Juang Fiesta (Light Festival) Christmas Portuguese Committee To preserve religious and cultural heritage 3 Commodification of culture and high direct benefit even though seasonal Extend length of festival (no of days) 3 Kg Chetti Ponggol Festival New Year Deepavali Trustee Executive To preserve religious and cultural heritage 1 Fail to capitalize the benefits of various events 1. Low Benefit 2. Moderate Benefit 3. High Benefit The qualitative assessments of the preliminary show that opportunities do exist for marginalized communities to benefit from tourism. However, in order to fully exploit the benefits of tourism due to their present situation, involving and assistance are required for them to make the plans and projects to success. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainab Khalifah, Assoc. Prof. Dr Amran Hamzah, Nor Azina Dahlan, Ahmad Tajuddin Kechik, 2008) 2.5 ICT in Historical Tourism As the market for tourism is highly depending on information, information and communication technology (ICT) can contribute boundlessly to the tourism business. ICT have essentially changed the method of playing for tourism stakeholders, providing new challenges and opportunities in promoting and selling their products and services,